Iqbal, Nietzsche, and Nihilism: Reconstruction of Sufi Cosmology and Revaluation of Sufi Values in <i>Asrar-i-Khudî</i>

Abstract While the problem of nihilism is derived from a particular historical and intellectual context in Western philosophy, i.e., pantheism controversy modern German philosophy ideas Nietzsche, non-Western thinkers also engaged with it developed responses to it. In this article, I am interested analyzing Muhammad Iqbal’s (1877–1938), leading Muslim thinker (a Sufi) India, engagement his response Sufi perspective. Arguing that existing literature on Iqbal fails understand deeper impact Nietzsche’s dramatic role “the nihilism” played causing changes or development, analyze how encounter Nietzsche during study period Europe between 1905 1908 has introduced him its Nietzschean form, led nihilistic mood/crisis 1909 1913, then he later by reconstructing cosmology revaluating values pantheistic/Persian type Sufism – outcome which found philosophical poem Asrar-i-Khudî (1915).